Camp Century – City Under the Ice

Camp Century looks like something out of a spy movie: a city beneath the ice, hidden in the Arctic. But behind its spectacular façade lay far more than a technical experiment. In the 1960s, the facility served not only as a research station but also as a secret testing ground for a large-scale U.S. military project during the Cold War. Today, Camp Century is once again drawing attention – this time because of its dangerous environmental legacy.

A Construction Project in the Greenland Ice Sheet

Camp Century was built in northern Greenland, about 240 kilometers from the coast, on an ice sheet roughly 2,000 meters above sea level. Conditions there were extreme: temperatures dropped to minus 56 degrees Celsius, strong winds prevailed, and the area was completely isolated, making it nearly uninhabitable.

Despite these conditions, an underground city consisting of 26 tunnels was constructed starting in 1959. Up to 200 people lived and worked there, mainly U.S. Army soldiers and engineers. The tunnels were located about eight meters beneath the ice surface and were cut into the ice using special snow-cutting machines.

The facility included sleeping quarters, workshops, medical facilities, and even recreational amenities such as a library and a barbershop. Particularly remarkable was the use of the world’s first mobile nuclear reactor (PM-2A), which supplied the station with electricity and heat.

Camp Century as a Propaganda Tool

Outwardly, Camp Century was presented as a symbol of American innovation. The U.S. government showcased the station as proof that humans could live comfortably even under extreme conditions.

Films and reports deliberately portrayed life in the ice city in a positive light: soldiers played table tennis, ate well, and lived what appeared to be a normal life. The message was clear: the United States is technologically superior and capable of mastering even the harshest environments.

During the Cold War, Camp Century also served as a political signal. It was meant to demonstrate strength and show that the U.S. could operate strategically even in remote regions.

The project envisioned the construction of a tunnel system stretching about 4,000 kilometers. Around 600 mobile nuclear missiles were to be stationed within it, along with more than 2,000 launch sites. Camp Century served as a test facility for this ambitious plan.

The Failure of the Project

It soon became clear that there was a fundamental problem: the Greenland ice sheet is not stable but constantly moving. The tunnels began to deform and became unstable.

Due to these challenges, Camp Century was abandoned as early as 1967. “Project Iceworm” was never realized, as the technical difficulties proved too great.

The Toxic Legacy

When the station was abandoned, the U.S. military left behind large amounts of waste, including diesel fuel, chemical substances, and radioactive materials from the nuclear reactor.

Threat from Climate Change

For a long time, it was assumed that these substances would remain permanently trapped in the ice. However, due to climate change, the Greenland ice sheet is increasingly melting. This raises the risk that pollutants could be released and harm the environment.

Conclusion

Camp Century was far more than a technical curiosity. The facility combined propaganda, military secrecy, and scientific progress in a single project. Once celebrated as a symbol of human engineering, it now reveals another side: a potentially dangerous legacy that could resurface due to climate change.

Camp Century thus stands as a striking example of the ambivalence of large-scale technological projects during the Cold War, impressive in their execution, yet carrying long-term consequences that only become visible decades later.

Heiner Kubny, PolarJournal