The Svalbard Treaty: A Brief Overview

The Svalbard Treaty, signed in Paris on 9 February 1920 and entering into force on 14 August 1925, defines the unique legal status of the Arctic archipelago. It recognizes Norway’s sovereignty over Svalbard, covering all land between 74° and 81° north and 10° and 35° east, as well as the surrounding territorial waters out to 12 nautical miles.

Norway governs Svalbard and enforces its laws, but must do so within the framework of the treaty. A key principle is non-discrimination: citizens and companies from all signatory states have equal rights to live and operate on the islands. This includes fishing, hunting, shipping, mining, and other commercial activities, as well as the right to own property. Norwegian authorities may regulate these activities, but cannot do so on the basis of nationality.

The treaty also limits taxation. Revenues raised in Svalbard must remain on the archipelago, which helps explain its relatively low tax levels compared to mainland Norway. At the same time, Norway is responsible for protecting the fragile Arctic environment.

Svalbard is intended to remain a zone of peace. The treaty prohibits military bases and fortifications and restricts its use for warlike purposes. It also promotes international cooperation by granting equal access for scientific research.

Today, more than 40 countries are parties to the treaty, reflecting its lasting and evolving significance. The United Arab Emirates became the 49th signatory in April 2026, following recent accessions by Turkey (2024), Serbia (2022), and North Korea (2016). For over a century, the treaty has balanced Norwegian sovereignty with equal rights for nationals of the signatory states.

Léa Zinsli, PolarJournal